History of Africa

The history of Africa begins with the emergence of Homo sapiens in East Africa, and continues into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states. The recorded history of early civilization arose in the Kingdom of Kush,[1] and later in Ancient Egypt, the Sahel, the Maghreb and the Horn of Africa. During the Middle Ages, Islam spread west from Arabia to Egypt, crossing the Maghreb and the Sahel. Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Ajuran Empire, D'mt, Adal Sultanate, Warsangali Sultanate, Kingdom of Nri, Nok culture, Mali Empire, Songhai Empire, Benin Empire, Ashanti Empire, Ghana Empire, Mossi Kingdoms, Mutapa Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Sennar, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Cayor, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Kongo, Empire of Kaabu, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, and the Aksumite Empire.

From the mid-7th century, the Arab slave trade saw Muslim Arabs enslave Africans following an armistice between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Kingdom of Makuria after the Second Battle of Dongola in 652 AD. They were transported, along with Asians and Europeans, across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert.

From the late 15th century, Europeans joined the slave trade that includes the triangular trade, with the Portuguese initially acquiring slaves through trade and later by force as part of the Atlantic slave trade. They transported enslaved West, Central, and Southern Africans overseas.[2]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European colonization of Africa developed rapidly in the Scramble for Africa. It is widely believed that Africa had up to 10,000 different states and autonomous groups with distinct languages and customs before it was colonized.[3] Following struggles for independence in many parts of the continent, as well as a weakened Europe after the Second World War, decolonization took place, culminating in the 1960 Year of Africa.

Africa's history has been challenging for research in the field of African studies because of the scarcity of written sources in large parts of the continent, particularly with the destruction of many of the most important manuscripts from Timbuktu. Disciplines such as the recording of oral history, historical linguistics, archaeology and genetics have been crucial.

非洲的历史起源于东非的智人的出现，并持续到现在变得多样化和政治发展中的民族国家的拼凑。早期文明的历史记载中都库什王国出现，[1]，后来在古埃及，萨赫勒地区，马格里布和非洲之角。在中世纪，伊斯兰教向西传播从阿拉伯到埃及，穿越马格里布和萨赫勒地区。一些著名的前殖民地的国家和社会在非洲包括Ajuran帝国，德山，阿达尔苏丹国，Warsangali苏丹国，NRI，诺克文化，马里帝国，桑海帝国，贝宁帝国，阿散蒂王国，加纳帝国，莫西王国王国， Mutapa帝国，马篷古布韦，正弦王国，森纳尔王国，萨卢姆王国，Baol王国，Cayor的英国，津巴布韦，英国，刚果王国，Kaabu，古迦太基，努米底亚，毛里塔尼亚的帝国英国和Aksumite帝国。

从7世纪中叶，阿拉伯奴隶贸易看见信奉伊斯兰教的阿拉伯人奴役非洲人以下栋古拉在公元652年第二次争斗后正统哈里发时期和Makuria王国之间的停战。他们被运送，以亚洲人和欧洲人一起，跨越红海，印度洋，和撒哈拉大沙漠。

从15世纪末，欧洲人加入了包括三角贸易，奴隶贸易，与葡萄牙最初获得通过贸易的奴隶，后来被力大西洋奴隶贸易的一部分。他们奴役运西，中部和南部非洲人海外。[2]

在19世纪末和20世纪初，非洲的欧洲殖民的争夺非洲迅速发展。人们普遍认为，非洲有多达10,000个不同的状态，并具有鲜明的语言和习俗自治团体它被殖民前。[3]继斗争在大陆的许多地区独立，并在第二次世界大战后欧洲减弱，非殖民化发生了，在非洲的1960年达到高潮。

非洲的历史，因为写的代码在大陆大部分地区稀缺的非洲研究领域具有挑战性的研究，特别是有许多从廷巴克图的最重要的手稿的破坏。学科如口述历史，历史语言学，考古学和遗传学的记录一直是至关重要的。